Mikroprocesory: história

The first microprocessors were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used MOSFET transistors with pMOS logic in the early 1970s, and then predominantly used NMOS logic from the mid-1970s. They also experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, 8-bit processors such as the MOS 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. 16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit. Intel's 4004 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.

In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.

Key home computers which remained popular for much of the 1980s predominantly use processors developed in the 1970s. Versions of the MOS Technology 6502, first released in 1975, power the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, BBC Micro, and Atari 8-bit family. The Zilog Z80 (1976) is at the core of the ZX Spectrum.

The IBM PC launched in 1981 with an Intel 8088. It was not until Intel's 80286 (used in the 1984 IBM PC/AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These chips had higher clock speeds and 32-bit memory access. The end of the decade saw the launch of the Intel 80486, the first personal computer CPU with on-chip floating point support instead of as an optional coprocessor.

A mid-1980s generation of GUI-driven home computers is based around the Motorola 68000: Macintosh (1984), Atari ST (1985), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Even the Sega Genesis game console, released in 1988-89, uses a 68000 as the main CPU and a Z80 for sound.

The 32-bit microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the 1990s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999, and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In the 1990s, microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM. Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components. Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed. Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and an FSB speed of 100–133 MHz. Only the processor's internal clock speed is shown here.

64-bit processors became mainstream in the 2000s. Microprocessor clock speeds reached a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Instead of implementing expensive and impractical cooling systems, manufacturers turned to parallel computing in the form of the multi-core processor. Overclocking had its roots in the 1990s, but came into its own in the 2000s. Off-the-shelf cooling systems designed for overclocked processors became common, and the gaming PC had its advent as well. Over the decade, transistor counts increased by about an order of magnitude, a trend continued from previous decades. Process sizes decreased about fourfold, from 180 nm to 45 nm.

Nasledujúca tabuľka je prevzatá z https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology

Date	Name	Developer	Max clock (first version)	Word size (bits)	Process	Chips	Transistors	MOSFET	Ref.
1971	4004	Intel	740 kHz	4	10 μm	1	2,250	pMOS
1972	8008	Intel	500 kHz	8	10 μm	1	3,500	pMOS
1974	8080	Intel	2 MHz	8	6 μm	1	6,000	NMOS
1976	Z-80	Zilog	2.5 MHz	8	4 μm	1	8,500	NMOS
1977	8085	Intel	3.0 MHz	8	3 μm	1	6 500
1978	8086	Intel	5 MHz	16	3 μm	1	29 000
1979	8088	Intel	5 MHz	8/16	3 μm	1	29 000	NMOS (HMOS)
1979	68000	Motorola	8 MHz	16/32	3.5 μm	1	68,000	NMOS (HMOS)
1982	80286	Intel	6 MHz	16	1.5 μm	134,000
1983	RISC-II	UC Berkeley	3 MHz	-	3 μm	40,760 (NMOS)
1983	MIPS	Stanford University	2 MHz	32	3 μm	25,000
1985	80386	Intel	16–40 MHz	32	1.5 μm	275,000
1987	ARM2	Acorn	8 MHz	32	2 μm	25,000
1988	80386SX	Intel	12–33 MHz	16/32	-	-
1989	80486	Intel	25 MHz	32	1 μm	1,180,000
1993	Pentium	Intel	60–66 MHz	32	800 nm	3,1 M
1997	Pentium II	Intel	233–300 MHz	32	350 nm	7,5 M
1999	Pentium III	Intel	450–600 MHz	32	250 nm	9,5 M
2000	Pentium 4	Intel	1.3–2 GHz	32/64	180–130 nm	42 M	1 / 1
2003	Pentium M	Intel	0.9–1.7 GHz	32	130–90 nm	77 M	1 / 1
2006	Core Duo	Intel	1.1–2.33 GHz	90–65 nm	151	2 / 1
2008	Atom	Intel	0.8–1.6 GHz	65–45 nm	47	1 / 1
2008	Core i7	Intel	2.66–3.2 GHz	45–32 nm	730	2, 4, 6 / 1
2011	Intel "Sandy Bridge"	Intel	1.6–3.4 GHz	32 nm	995	2, 4 / 1	(1,) 2
2013	Intel "Haswell"	Intel	1.9–4.4 GHz	22 nm	1400	4 / 1	2
2019	z15	IBM	5.2 GHz	14 nm	9200	12 / 1	2
2020	M1	Apple	3.2 GHz	5 nm	16000	8	1