Mikroprocesory: história

The first microprocessors were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used MOSFET transistors with pMOS logic in the early 1970s, and then predominantly used NMOS logic from the mid-1970s. They also experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, 8-bit processors such as the MOS 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. 16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit. Intel's 4004 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.

In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.

Key home computers which remained popular for much of the 1980s predominantly use processors developed in the 1970s. Versions of the MOS Technology 6502, first released in 1975, power the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, BBC Micro, and Atari 8-bit family. The Zilog Z80 (1976) is at the core of the ZX Spectrum.

The IBM PC launched in 1981 with an Intel 8088. It was not until Intel's 80286 (used in the 1984 IBM PC/AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These chips had higher clock speeds and 32-bit memory access. The end of the decade saw the launch of the Intel 80486, the first personal computer CPU with on-chip floating point support instead of as an optional coprocessor.

A mid-1980s generation of GUI-driven home computers is based around the Motorola 68000: Macintosh (1984), Atari ST (1985), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Even the Sega Genesis game console, released in 1988-89, uses a 68000 as the main CPU and a Z80 for sound.

Nasledujúca tabuľka je prevzatá z https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology

Date	Name	Developer	Max clock (first version)	Word size (bits)	Process	Chips	Transistors	MOSFET	Ref.
1971	4004	Intel	740 kHz	4	10 μm	1	2,250	pMOS
1972	8008	Intel	500 kHz	8	10 μm	1	3,500	pMOS
1974	8080	Intel	2 MHz	8	6 μm	1	6,000	NMOS
1976	Z-80	Zilog	2.5 MHz	8	4 μm	1	8,500	NMOS
1977	8085	Intel	3.0 MHz	8	3 μm	1	6 500
1978	8086	Intel	5 MHz	16	3 μm	1	29 000
1979	8088	Intel	5 MHz	8/16	3 μm	1	29 000	NMOS (HMOS)
1979	68000	Motorola	8 MHz	16/32	3.5 μm	1	68,000	NMOS (HMOS)
1982	80286	Intel	6 MHz	16	1.5 μm	134,000
1983	RISC-II	UC Berkeley	3 MHz	-	3 μm	40,760 (NMOS)
1983	MIPS	Stanford University	2 MHz	32	3 μm	25,000
1985	80386	Intel	16–40 MHz	32	1.5 μm	275,000
1987	ARM2	Acorn	8 MHz	32	2 μm	25,000
1988	80386SX	Intel	12–33 MHz	16/32	-	-
1989	80486	Intel	25 MHz	32	1 μm	1,180,000