Operácie

Mikroprocesory: história: Rozdiel medzi revíziami

Zo stránky SensorWiki

Balogh (diskusia | príspevky)
Bez shrnutí editace
Balogh (diskusia | príspevky)
Bez shrnutí editace
Riadok 1: Riadok 1:
The first [[microprocessors]] were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used [[MOSFET]] transistors with [[pMOS logic]] in the early 1970s, and then predominantly used [[NMOS logic]] from the mid-1970s. They also experimented with various [[word length]]s. Early on, [[4-bit]] processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, [[8-bit]] processors such as the [[MOS Technology|MOS]] 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. [[16-bit]] processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including [[12-bit]] and 20-[[bit]]. Intel's 4004 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.
The first [[microprocessors]] were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used [[MOSFET]] transistors with [[pMOS logic]] in the early 1970s, and then predominantly used [[NMOS logic]] from the mid-1970s. They also experimented with various [[word length]]s. Early on, [[4-bit]] processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, [[8-bit]] processors such as the [[MOS Technology|MOS]] 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. [[16-bit]] processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including [[12-bit]] and 20-[[bit]]. Intel's 4004 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.


In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.
Key home computers which remained popular for much of the 1980s predominantly use processors developed in the 1970s. Versions of the MOS Technology 6502, first released in 1975, power the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, BBC Micro, and Atari 8-bit family. The Zilog Z80 (1976) is at the core of the ZX Spectrum.
The IBM PC launched in 1981 with an Intel 8088. It was not until Intel's 80286 (used in the 1984 IBM PC/AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These chips had higher clock speeds and 32-bit memory access. The end of the decade saw the launch of the Intel 80486, the first personal computer CPU with on-chip floating point support instead of as an optional coprocessor.
A mid-1980s generation of GUI-driven home computers is based around the Motorola 68000: Macintosh (1984), Atari ST (1985), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Even the Sega Genesis game console, released in 1988-89, uses a 68000 as the main CPU and a Z80 for sound.
Nasledujúca tabuľka je prevzatá z https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
Riadok 84: Riadok 94:
| [[Intel]]
| [[Intel]]
| 5 MHz
| 5 MHz
| 8/16</ref>The Intel 8088 had an [[8-bit]] external data bus, but internally used a [[16-bit]] architecture.</ref>
| 8/16<ref>The Intel 8088 had an [[8-bit]] external data bus, but internally used a [[16-bit]] architecture.</ref>
| 3 μm
| 3 μm
| 1
| 1
Riadok 101: Riadok 111:
| NMOS (HMOS)
| NMOS (HMOS)
| <ref>Chip Hall of Fame: ''[https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/chip-hall-of-fame-motorola-mc68000-microprocessor Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor]''. IEEE Spectrum. </ref>
| <ref>Chip Hall of Fame: ''[https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/chip-hall-of-fame-motorola-mc68000-microprocessor Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor]''. IEEE Spectrum. </ref>
|-
| 1982
| [[Intel 80286|80286]]
| [[Intel]]
| 6&nbsp;MHz
| 16
| 1.5&nbsp;μm
| 134,000
|-
| 1983
| [[Berkeley RISC|RISC-II]]
| [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]]
| 3&nbsp;MHz
| -
| 3&nbsp;μm
| 40,760 ([[NMOS logic|NMOS]])
|-
| 1983
| [[Stanford MIPS|MIPS]]<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1145/2465.214917| title = Reduced instruction set computers| year = 1985| author = Patterson, David A.| journal = Communications of the ACM| volume = 28| pages = 8–21}}</ref>
| [[Stanford University]]
| 2&nbsp;MHz
| 32
| 3&nbsp;μm
| 25,000
|-
|-
| 1985
| [[Intel 80386|80386]]
| [[Intel]]
| 16–40&nbsp;MHz
| 32
| 1.5&nbsp;μm
| 275,000
|-
| 1987
| [[ARM architecture#History|ARM2]]
| [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]]
| 8&nbsp;MHz
| 32
| 2&nbsp;μm
| 25,000<ref>
{{cite journal |author1=C Green |author2=P Gülzow |author3=L Johnson |author4=K Meinzer |author5=J Miller |title=The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D |journal=Amsat Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |date=Mar–Apr 1999 |url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat/articles/g3ruh/124.html |quote=The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors}}
</ref>
|-
| 1988
| [[Intel 80386|80386SX]]
| [[Intel]]
| 12–33&nbsp;MHz
| 16/32
| -
| -
|-
| 1989
| [[Intel 80486|80486]]
| [[Intel]]
| 25&nbsp;MHz
| 32
| 1&nbsp;μm
| 1,180,000
|}
|}




<ref name="Belzer">Belzer, J., Holzman, A. G., Kent, A.: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iBsUXrgKBKkC&pg=PA402 Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 10 - Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification.]'' CRC Press, 1978.</ref>
<ref name="Belzer">Belzer, J., Holzman, A. G., Kent, A.: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iBsUXrgKBKkC&pg=PA402 Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 10 - Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification.]'' CRC Press, 1978.</ref>

Verzia z 08:51, 15. jún 2021

The first microprocessors were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used MOSFET transistors with pMOS logic in the early 1970s, and then predominantly used NMOS logic from the mid-1970s. They also experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, 8-bit processors such as the MOS 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. 16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit. Intel's 4004 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.

In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.

Key home computers which remained popular for much of the 1980s predominantly use processors developed in the 1970s. Versions of the MOS Technology 6502, first released in 1975, power the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, BBC Micro, and Atari 8-bit family. The Zilog Z80 (1976) is at the core of the ZX Spectrum.

The IBM PC launched in 1981 with an Intel 8088. It was not until Intel's 80286 (used in the 1984 IBM PC/AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These chips had higher clock speeds and 32-bit memory access. The end of the decade saw the launch of the Intel 80486, the first personal computer CPU with on-chip floating point support instead of as an optional coprocessor.

A mid-1980s generation of GUI-driven home computers is based around the Motorola 68000: Macintosh (1984), Atari ST (1985), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Even the Sega Genesis game console, released in 1988-89, uses a 68000 as the main CPU and a Z80 for sound.


Nasledujúca tabuľka je prevzatá z https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology

Date Name Developer Max clock
(first version)
Word size
(bits)
Process Chips Transistors MOSFET Ref.
1971 4004 Intel 740 kHz 4 10 μm 1 2,250 pMOS [1]
1972 8008 Intel 500 kHz 8 10 μm 1 3,500 pMOS
1974 8080 Intel 2 MHz 8 6 μm 1 6,000 NMOS
1976 Z-80 Zilog 2.5 MHz 8 4 μm 1 8,500 NMOS
1977 8085 Intel 3.0 MHz 8 3 μm 1 6 500
1978 8086 Intel 5 MHz 16 3 μm 1 29 000
1979 8088 Intel 5 MHz 8/16[2] 3 μm 1 29 000 NMOS (HMOS)
1979 68000 Motorola 8 MHz 16/32[3] 3.5 μm 1 68,000 NMOS (HMOS) [4]
1982 80286 Intel 6 MHz 16 1.5 μm 134,000
1983 RISC-II UC Berkeley 3 MHz - 3 μm 40,760 (NMOS)
1983 MIPS[5] Stanford University 2 MHz 32 3 μm 25,000
1985 80386 Intel 16–40 MHz 32 1.5 μm 275,000
1987 ARM2 Acorn 8 MHz 32 2 μm 25,000[6]
1988 80386SX Intel 12–33 MHz 16/32 - -
1989 80486 Intel 25 MHz 32 1 μm 1,180,000


[1]

  1. 1,0 1,1 Belzer, J., Holzman, A. G., Kent, A.: Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 10 - Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification. CRC Press, 1978.
  2. The Intel 8088 had an 8-bit external data bus, but internally used a 16-bit architecture.
  3. The Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit external data bus, but internally used 32-bit registers.
  4. Chip Hall of Fame: Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor. IEEE Spectrum.
  5. Šablóna:Cite journal
  6. Šablóna:Cite journal